This review assesses our current knowledge of sweetpotato seed systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a contribution toward developing a conceptual framework for guiding practical interventions for root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems. This is in the context of the CGIAR RTB program’s theme on seed systems. The proposed framework will help to identify gaps and research needs in order to address the continuing challenge of ensuring that smallholder farmers can access timely and sufficient quantities of quality sweetpotato planting material. As part of this effort, this review proposes to field test alternative approaches to RTB seed system improvements that connect biophysical, management, and socioeconomic factors, and to draw strategic guidelines for future interventions.